In Erikson's psychosocial theory, which stage is typical for school-aged children focusing on mastering tasks and peer relations?

• A. Trust vs mistrust
• B. Autonomy vs. shame
• C. Initiative vs guilt
• D. Industry vs inferiority

Answer: (D)

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, the school-age years bring the stage of industry versus inferiority. During this time, children are expanding their abilities in academics, sports, arts, and social interactions, and they look to peers and teachers for feedback. When they successfully master tasks—like finishing a project, learning to read, solving problems, and collaborating with others—they develop a sense of industry, feeling competent and proud of their growing skills. This leads to confidence and motivation to tackle new challenges. If they struggle or repeatedly feel unsuccessful without adequate support, they may develop inferiority, doubting their abilities and feeling less capable than peers. The other stages relate to earlier periods: trust versus mistrust in infancy, autonomy versus shame in the toddler years, and initiative versus guilt in early childhood. The emphasis on mastering tasks and peer relations fits industry versus inferiority.